Much of our understanding of the link between agriculture and economic
development tends to use a linear approach. It is seen as a source of
inputs into the other sectors. Resources, skills and capital are
presumed to flow from agriculture to industry.
But this linear view is being replaced by a more sophisticated
outlook, which suggests continuing interactions between it and other
sectors in ways that are mutually reinforcing. Indeed, the relationship
is interactive and associated with uncertainties that defy causal
association.
Over the last 30 years, yields and poverty have remained stagnant, so
prioritising agricultural development could return significant,
interconnected benefits. It is widely acknowledged that institutions
play an important role in shaping the pace and direction of
technological innovation, in particular, and economic development, in
general.
Emerging evidence supports the importance of entrepreneurial
leadership in promoting agricultural innovation as a matter of urgency
and not waiting until the requisite institutions are in place. This is
not to argue that institutions and policies do not matter. To the
contrary, they do and should be the focus of leadership. What is
important is that the focus should be on innovation.
Science, technology and engineering
Though faced with enormous technological challenges, African countries have access to a larger pool of scientific and technical knowledge. They can utilise the knowledge and know-how that has been amassed globally in their efforts to improve their access to and use of technology.
Advocates of scientific and technical research in developing countries have found champions in the innovation platforms of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and communication technology (ICT), and geographic information systems (GIS). Through these four platform technologies, Africa has the opportunity to promote its agenda concurrent with advances made in the industrialised world.
Though faced with enormous technological challenges, African countries have access to a larger pool of scientific and technical knowledge. They can utilise the knowledge and know-how that has been amassed globally in their efforts to improve their access to and use of technology.
Advocates of scientific and technical research in developing countries have found champions in the innovation platforms of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and communication technology (ICT), and geographic information systems (GIS). Through these four platform technologies, Africa has the opportunity to promote its agenda concurrent with advances made in the industrialised world.
Agricultural innovation systems
Agriculture is treated like other sectors, each with their own distinctive institutions and with little regard for their relationship with the rest of the economy. But these approaches conceal important linkages.
Agriculture is treated like other sectors, each with their own distinctive institutions and with little regard for their relationship with the rest of the economy. But these approaches conceal important linkages.
A more realistic view is to treat economies as “systems of
innovation.” The process of technological innovation involves
interactions among a wide range of actors in society.
Government, private sector, universities and research institutions are important parts of a larger system of knowledge and interactions that allows pursuit of common goals in agricultural innovation.
Government, private sector, universities and research institutions are important parts of a larger system of knowledge and interactions that allows pursuit of common goals in agricultural innovation.
In many countries, the state still plays a key role in directing
productive activities but the private sector is an increasingly
important player in adapting existing knowledge and applying it to new
areas.
Enabling infrastructure
Unlike other regions, Africa’s poor infrastructure represents a unique opportunity to adopt new approaches in the design and implementation of infrastructure facilities. One most neglected aspect of infrastructure investments is their role in stimulating technological innovation.
Roads, water facilities, airports, seaports, railways, telecommunications networks, and energy systems represent just a portion of the web of national and regional infrastructure necessary for food security, agricultural innovation, and agriculture-based economic development.
Countries and regions must create strategies that recognise how each area is linked to the next, and investments must, in many cases, pool regional resources and cross international borders.
Unlike other regions, Africa’s poor infrastructure represents a unique opportunity to adopt new approaches in the design and implementation of infrastructure facilities. One most neglected aspect of infrastructure investments is their role in stimulating technological innovation.
Roads, water facilities, airports, seaports, railways, telecommunications networks, and energy systems represent just a portion of the web of national and regional infrastructure necessary for food security, agricultural innovation, and agriculture-based economic development.
Countries and regions must create strategies that recognise how each area is linked to the next, and investments must, in many cases, pool regional resources and cross international borders.
Transport infrastructure is critical to move inputs to farms and
products to market; irrigation is essential for increasing yields and
crop quality; energy is a vital input, particularly for value-added food
processing; and telecoms are critical for farming, market, and weather
information.
Alone, however, none of these investments will produce sustainable
innovation or growth in agriculture. National and regional investment
strategies will be needed to pool resources, share risks, and attract
the private actors to substantial investments in such ventures.
Human capacity
Education and human capacity building in Africa have many well-publicised problems. Many school systems focus little on teaching students to maximise the opportunities available to them in their own communities; and rather, tend to prioritise skills less applicable to village life and encourage children to aspire to join the waves of young people moving to urban areas.
For some, this leads to success, but for many more, it leads to unfulfilled aspirations. There are missed opportunities to learn crucial skills that will allow them to be more productive and have a better standard of living in their villages. It also results in nations passing over a chance to increase agricultural productivity, self-sufficiency, and human resources among their populations.
Education and human capacity building in Africa have many well-publicised problems. Many school systems focus little on teaching students to maximise the opportunities available to them in their own communities; and rather, tend to prioritise skills less applicable to village life and encourage children to aspire to join the waves of young people moving to urban areas.
For some, this leads to success, but for many more, it leads to unfulfilled aspirations. There are missed opportunities to learn crucial skills that will allow them to be more productive and have a better standard of living in their villages. It also results in nations passing over a chance to increase agricultural productivity, self-sufficiency, and human resources among their populations.
Entrepreneurship
The creation of agricultural enterprises represents one of the most effective ways to stimulate rural development. Economic change entails the transformation of knowledge into goods and services through business enterprises. In this respect, creating links between knowledge and business development is the most important challenge facing agricultural renewal in African countries.
The creation of agricultural enterprises represents one of the most effective ways to stimulate rural development. Economic change entails the transformation of knowledge into goods and services through business enterprises. In this respect, creating links between knowledge and business development is the most important challenge facing agricultural renewal in African countries.
The development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has been
an integral part of the development of all industrialised economies.
This holds true in Africa.
Building these enterprises requires development of pools of capital for investment; of local operational, repair, and maintenance expertise; and of a regulatory environment that allows small businesses to flourish. Africa must review its incentive structures to promote these objectives.
A range of government policy structures is suitable for creating and
sustaining enterprises. Policy makers also need to ensure that
educational systems provide adequate technical training. They need to
support agribusiness and technology incubators, export processing zones,
and production networks as well as sharpen the associated skills
through agribusiness education.Building these enterprises requires development of pools of capital for investment; of local operational, repair, and maintenance expertise; and of a regulatory environment that allows small businesses to flourish. Africa must review its incentive structures to promote these objectives.
Governing innovation
Regional integration is a key component of enabling agricultural innovation because it dismantles three barriers to development: weak national economies; a dependence on importing high-value or finished goods; and a reliance on a small range of low-value primary exports, mainly agriculture and natural resources.
These difficulties become more extreme when farmers have to get their crops across international borders to reach markets where sales are profitable.The inability to sell crops, or being forced to sell them at a loss because of high transport costs, prevents farmers from making investments that would increase the quantity and quality of their production.
Since any increase will not add to their own well-being, and the excess crops may go to waste. This is a problem where national governments and regional cooperation offer the best solution.
Regional integration is a key component of enabling agricultural innovation because it dismantles three barriers to development: weak national economies; a dependence on importing high-value or finished goods; and a reliance on a small range of low-value primary exports, mainly agriculture and natural resources.
These difficulties become more extreme when farmers have to get their crops across international borders to reach markets where sales are profitable.The inability to sell crops, or being forced to sell them at a loss because of high transport costs, prevents farmers from making investments that would increase the quantity and quality of their production.
Since any increase will not add to their own well-being, and the excess crops may go to waste. This is a problem where national governments and regional cooperation offer the best solution.
Looking ahead
A new vision for Africa’s agricultural transformation should be guided by new concepts that define the continent as a learning society. This shift will entail placing policy emphasis on emerging opportunities such as renewing infrastructure, building human capabilities, stimulating agribusiness development, and increasing participation in the global economy.
A new vision for Africa’s agricultural transformation should be guided by new concepts that define the continent as a learning society. This shift will entail placing policy emphasis on emerging opportunities such as renewing infrastructure, building human capabilities, stimulating agribusiness development, and increasing participation in the global economy.
The author is a professor at Harvard University who
delivered a public lecture in Kampala recently. This article is derived
from his book from which he based his lecture.
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The women factor
About 36 per cent of all African labour potential is used in
subsistence agriculture. If they could have access to methods of
improving techniques, increasing production, and ability to transform
agriculture into an income earning endeavour.
Decision makers should also look for ways to foster human
capacity to make agricultural innovations outside of a traditional
classroom. Governments and schools should treat agriculture as a skill
to be learned, valued, and improved upon from early childhood through
adult careers instead of as a last resort for people who cannot find the
resources to move to a city and get an industrial job.
UNESCO estimates that only 45% of women in Africa are literate
compared to 70% of men; 70% of African women do not complete primary
school, and only about 1.5% of women achieve higher education. The New
Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa
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